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Legislative Yuan

Coordinates: 25°02′38″N 121°31′10″E / 25.0439°N 121.5195°E / 25.0439; 121.5195
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Legislative Yuan of
the Republic of China

中華民國立法院
11th Legislative Yuan
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
History
Founded
  • 5 December 1928; 95 years ago (1928-12-05)
    (pre-1947 Constitution)
  • 18 May 1948; 76 years ago (1948-05-18)
    (1947 Constitution)[1][2]
  • 24 February 1950; 74 years ago (1950-02-24)
    (Taiwan)
  • 7 June 2005; 19 years ago (2005-06-07)
    (current form)
Disbanded
Preceded byNational Assembly
Leadership
Han Kuo-yu (KMT)
since 1 February 2024
Johnny Chiang (KMT)
since 1 February 2024
Structure
Seats113[a]
Political groups
Minority Government
  •   DPP (51)

Opposition

  • KMT Caucus (54)
    •   KMT (52)
    •   Independent (2)
  •   TPP (8)
Length of term
4 years
Elections
Parallel voting:
  • 73 seats by FPTP
  • 34 seats by party-list PR using largest remainder method with Hare quota
  • 6 seats by SNTV
Last election
13 January 2024
Meeting place
The Legislative Yuan Building,
No. 1, Zhongshan South Road
Zhongzheng District, Taipei City, Republic of China
Website
www.ly.gov.tw (in English)
Constitution
Additional Articles and the original Constitution of the Republic of China
Legislative Yuan
Chinese立法院
Literal meaningLaw-establishing court
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinLìfǎyuàn
Bopomofoㄌㄧˋ ㄈㄚˇ ㄩㄢˋ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhLihfaa Yuann
Wade–GilesLi4-fa3 Yüan4
Tongyong PinyinLì-fǎ-yuàn
MPS2Lìfǎ Yuàn
IPA[lî.fà.ɥɛ̂n]
Hakka
RomanizationLi̍p-fap Yen
Southern Min
Hokkien POJLi̍p-hoat-īⁿ
Tâi-lôLi̍p-huat-īnn

The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China (Taiwan) located in Taipei. The Legislative Yuan is composed of 113 members, who are directly elected for four-year terms by people of the Taiwan Area through a parallel voting system.

Originally located in Nanjing, the Legislative Yuan, along with the National Assembly (electoral college) and the Control Yuan (upper house), formed the tricameral parliament under the original 1947 Constitution. The Legislative Yuan previously had 760 members representing each constituencies of all China (includes provinces, municipalities, Tibet Area, and various professions in Mainland China).[3]

Until democratization, the Republic of China was an authoritarian state under Dang Guo. At the time, the Legislative Yuan functioned as a rubber stamp for the ruling regime of the Kuomintang.[4]

Like parliaments or congresses of other countries, the Legislative Yuan is responsible for the passage of legislation, which is then sent to the president for signing. For these similarities, it is also common for people to refer to the Legislative Yuan as "the parliament" (國會; Guóhuì; Kok-hōe).

Under the current amended Constitution, the Legislative Yuan, as the only parliamentary body, also holds the power to initiate several constitutional processes, including initiating constitutional amendments (then determined by a national referendum), recalls of the president (then determined by a recall vote), and impeachments of the president (then tried by the Constitutional Court).

Composition

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Legislators

[edit]

Starting with the 2008 legislative elections, changes were made to the Legislative Yuan in accordance with a constitutional amendment passed in 2005. The Legislative Yuan has 113 members serving four-year terms; 73 members are elected by first-past-the-post, 6 reserved for indigenous candidates by single non-transferable vote, and 34 by party-list proportional representation. The current Legislative Yuan was inaugurated on February 1, 2024, and its term expires on January 31, 2028.

Seat composition in the Legislative Yuan by caucus
Party/Caucus Caucus leader Seats
  Kuomintang (KMT) Caucus Fu Kun-chi 54
  Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) Caucus Ker Chien-ming 51
  Taiwan People's Party (TPP) Huang Kuo-chang (third-party) 8
(as of February 2024) Total 113

The 5 largest parties with 3 seats or more can form caucuses. If there are fewer than 5 such parties, legislators in other parties or with no party affiliation can form caucuses with at least 4 members.[5]

Leadership

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The president and vice president of the Legislative Yuan are elected by the 113 legislators during a preparatory session in the beginning of their 4-year terms. President and vice president of the Legislative Yuan sometimes translate to speaker and deputy speaker respectively in English.[6]

Functions

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Powers

[edit]

Like parliaments or congresses of other countries, the Legislative Yuan holds the following power according to the current amended Constitution[7]

Other governmental organs are authorized to propose legislative bills to the Legislative Yuan. Legislative bills proposed to the Legislative Yuan have to be cosigned by a certain number of legislators. Once a bill reaches the legislature, it is subject to a process of three readings.

Committees

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  • Standing committees
    • Internal Administration Committee
    • Social Welfare and Environmental Hygiene Committee
    • Judiciary and Organic Laws and Statutes Committee
    • Transportation Committee
    • Education and Culture Committee
    • Finance Committee
    • Economics Committee
    • Foreign and National Defense Committee
  • Ad hoc committees
    • Procedure Committee
    • Expenditure Examination Committee
    • Constitutional Amendment Committee
    • Discipline Committee

History

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Constitutional theory

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A stamp from the Legislative Yuan Library when it was based in Nanjing

The concept of Legislative Yuan was introduced by Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. The theory proposed a separation of powers into five branches (五院; wǔyuàn; gō͘-īⁿ). The Legislative Yuan, under Sun's political theory, is a branch of government elected by the National Assembly that serves as the standing legislative body when the National Assembly is not in session.

The legislators are to be elected through direct elections. In the constitution, Legislative Yuan, together with National Assembly and Control Yuan, form three chambers of a tricameral parliament according to the Judicial Yuan's interpretation number 76 of the Constitution (1957).[8]

However, the later constitutional amendments in the 1990s removed the parliamentary roles from National Assembly and Control Yuan and transferred them to the Legislative Yuan, which became an unicameral parliament.

Establishment and relocation to Taiwan

[edit]
Former Legislative Yuan building in Nanjing, 1928 (seen in 2017).
Former Legislative Yuan and Control Yuan building in Nanjing, 1946–1949 (seen in 2011).

The original Legislative Yuan was formed in the original capital of Nanjing after the completion of the Northern Expedition. Its 51 members were appointed to a term of two years. The 4th Legislative Yuan under this period had its members expanded to 194, and its term in office was extended to 14 years because of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). According to KMT political theory, these first four sessions marked the period of political tutelage.

The current Constitution of the Republic of China came into effect on 25 December 1947, and the first Legislative session convened in Nanjing on 18 May 1948, with 760 members. Six preparatory meetings had been held on 8 May 1948, during which Sun Fo and Chen Li-fu were elected president and vice president of the body. In 1949, the mainland fell to the Communist Party and the Legislative Yuan (along with the entire ROC government) was transplanted to Taipei. On 24 February 1950, 380 members convened at the Sun Yat-sen Hall in Taipei.

The first Legislative Yuan was to have been elected for a term of three years ending in 1951; however, the fall of mainland China made it impossible to hold new elections.[9] As a result, the Judicial Yuan decided that the members of the Legislative Yuan would continue to hold office until new elections could be held on the Mainland. This decision was made in the belief that the KMT would retake the Mainland in a short time. However, over the years, as the prospect of regaining the Mainland diminished, this meant that the legislators from mainland districts (and members of the ruling KMT) held their seats for life, in a one-party system. The body thus came to be called "the Non-reelected Congress".[9]

Over the years, deceased members elected on the mainland were not replaced while additional seats were created for Taiwan starting with eleven seats in 1969. Fifty-one new members were elected to a three-year term in 1972, fifty-two in 1975, ninety-seven in 1980, ninety-eight in 1983, one hundred in 1986, and one hundred thirty in 1989. Although the elected members of the Legislative Yuan did not have the majority to defeat legislation, they were able to use the Legislative Yuan as a platform to express political dissent. Opposition parties were formally illegal until 1991, but in the 1970s candidates to the Legislative Yuan would run as Tangwai ("outside the party"), and in 1985 candidates began to run under the banner of the Democratic Progressive Party.

Democratization

[edit]

The members of the Legislative Yuan with extended terms remained until 31 December 1991, when as part of subsequent Judicial Yuan ruling they were forced to retire and the members elected in 1989 remained until the 161 members of the Second Legislative Yuan were elected in December 1992. The third LY, elected in 1995, had 157 members serving 3-year terms. The fourth LY, elected in 1998, was expanded to 225 members in part to include legislators from the abolished provincial legislature of Taiwan Province. The Legislative Yuan greatly increased its prominence after the 2000 presidential elections in Taiwan when the Executive Yuan and presidency was controlled by the Democratic Progressive Party while the Legislative Yuan had a large majority of Kuomintang members. The legislative elections in late 2001 produced a contentious situation in which the pan-blue coalition has only a thin majority over the governing pan-green coalition in the legislature,[10] making the passage of bills often dependent on the votes of a few defectors and independents. Because of the party situation there have been constitutional conflicts between the Legislative Yuan and the executive branch over the process of appointment for the premier and whether the president has the power to call a special session.

Amid 70% public support, the Legislative Yuan voted 217–1 on 23 August 2004 for a package of amendments to:

  • Halve the number of seats from 225 to 113
  • Switch to a single-member district parallel voting electoral system
  • Increase the terms of members from 3 to 4 years, to synchronize the legislative and presidential elections. (The change was implemented for the next election cycle, as the legislative election was held in January 2008, and the presidential election followed in March.)

The new electoral system installed in 2008 includes 73 plurality seats (one for each electoral district), 6 seats for aboriginals, with the remaining 34 seats to be filled from party lists. Every county has a minimum of 1 electoral district, thereby guaranteed at least one seat in the legislature, while half of the proportionally represented seats drawn from party lists must be women.

Additionally, the Legislative Yuan proposed to abolish the National Assembly. Future amendments would still be proposed by the LY by a three-fourths vote from a quorum of at least three-fourths of all members of the Legislature. After a mandatory 180-day promulgation period, the amendment would have to be ratified by an absolute majority of all eligible voters of the ROC irrespective of voter turnout. The latter requirement would allow a party to kill a referendum proposal by asking that their voters boycott the vote as was done by the KMT with the referendums associated with the 2004 presidential election.

A DPP proposal to allow the citizens the right to initiate constitutional referendums was pulled off the table, due to a lack of support. The proposal was criticized for dangerously lowering the threshold for considering a constitutional amendment. Whereas a three-fourths vote of the LY would require that any proposed constitutional amendment have a broad political consensus behind it, a citizen's initiative would allow a fraction of the electorate to force a constitutional referendum. It was feared that allowing this to occur would result in a referendum on Taiwan independence which would likely result in a crisis with the People's Republic of China.

The Legislative Yuan also proposed to give itself the power to summon the president for an annual "state of the nation" address and launch a recall of the president and vice president (proposed by one fourth and approved by two thirds of the legislators and be submitted to a nationwide referendum for approval or rejection by majority vote). The Legislative Yuan will also have the power to propose the impeachment of the president or vice president to the Council of Grand Justices.

An ad hoc National Assembly was elected and formed in 2005 to ratify the amendments. The downsized Legislative Yuan took effect after the 2008 elections.

On 20 July 2007, the Legislative Yuan passed a Lobbying Act.[11]

Elections and terms

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The Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the year following the first legislative elections (1948) after the enactment of the 1947 constitution. As the Kuomintang government continues to claim sovereignty over Mainland China, the term of the original legislators was extended until "re-election is possible in their original electoral districts." In response to the increasing democracy movement in Taiwan, limited supplementary elections were held in Taiwan starting from 1969 and parts of Fujian from 1972. Legislators elected in these supplementary elections served together with those who were elected in 1948. This situation remained until a Constitutional Court (Judicial Yuan) ruling on 21 June 1991 that ordered the retirement of all members with extended terms by the end of 1991.[12]

Term Length Actual served Election Seats Note
1st Initially 3 years,
then limit removed by
Temporary Provisions
8 May 1948 – 31 January 1993 (1948-05-08 – 1993-01-31)
(See Note column for
detailed terms)
1948 election 759 The only election held in mainland China. 8 seats were elected in Taiwan.
509 members retreated to Taiwan with the government; served until the end of 1991.
1969 1st supp 11 Elected in Taiwan; terms equal to the 1948-elected members
1972 2nd supp 51 Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms.
1975 3rd supp 52 Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms; then extended to 5 years.
1980 4th supp 97 Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms.
1983 5th supp 98 Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms.
1986 6th supp 100 Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms.
1989 7th supp 130 Elected in the Free Area with 3-year terms; served until Jan 31, 1993.
2nd 3 years 1 February 1993 – 31 January 1996 (1993-02-01 – 1996-01-31) 1992 election 161 Total re-election in the Free Area
3rd 1 February 1996 – 31 January 1999 (1996-02-01 – 1999-01-31) 1995 election 164
4th 1 February 1999 – 31 January 2002 (1999-02-01 – 2002-01-31) 1998 election 225
5th 1 February 2002 – 31 January 2005 (2002-02-01 – 2005-01-31) 2001 election
6th 1 February 2005 – 31 January 2008 (2005-02-01 – 2008-01-31) 2004 election
7th 4 years 1 February 2008 – 31 January 2012 (2008-02-01 – 2012-01-31) 2008 election 113 Introduced changes in the electoral system, term length, and seat numbers.
8th 1 February 2012 – 31 January 2016 (2012-02-01 – 2016-01-31) 2012 election
9th 1 February 2016 – 31 January 2020 (2016-02-01 – 2020-01-31) 2016 election
10th 1 February 2020 – 31 January 2024 (2020-02-01 – 2024-01-31) 2020 election
11th 1 February 2024 – 31 January 2028 (2024-02-01 – 2028-01-31) 2024 election Incumbent

Timeline of Legislative Yuan elections and terms

The legislature had 225 members during the 4th, 5th, and 6th terms. Legislators were elected as follows:

  • 168 were elected by popular vote through single non-transferable vote in multi-member consistencies.
  • 41 were elected on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties.
  • 8 were allocated for overseas citizens and were selected by the parties on the basis of the proportion of votes received nationwide.
  • 8 seats were reserved for the indigenous populations.

Since the 7th term, the 113 legislators are elected to office as follows:

  • 73 are elected under the first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies.
  • 34 are elected under the supplementary member system on a second ballot, based on nationwide votes, and calculated using the largest remainder method by the Hare quota.[13] Any party which receives 5% or more of the party vote can enter the parliament. For each party, at least half of the legislators elected under this system must be female.
  • 6 seats are elected by indigenous voters through single non-transferable vote in two three-member constituencies.

Composition by term

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The Kuomintang (KMT) held a supermajority of seats in the Legislative Yuan between 1948 and 1991, while some seats were held by the Chinese Youth Party (CYP) and the China Democratic Socialist Party (CDSP). Through the limited supplementary elections held in since the 1970s, the Tangwai movement saw their share of seats increase. Most members in the Tangwai movement joined the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) after its founding in the late 1980s.

  Majority   Plurality only   Largest minority

Term Majority[b] Speaker Minority[b] Total
seats
Party Party leader Caucus leader Seats Seats Caucus leader Party leader Party
1st
(1992)
KMT Lee Teng-hui 94 Liu Sung-pan 21 Hsu Hsin-liang DPP 130
1 CYP
2nd KMT Lee Teng-hui 95 Liu Sung-pan 51 Shih Ming-teh Hsu Hsin-liang (1992–1993)
Shih Ming-teh (1993–1995)
DPP 162
1 Ju Gau-jeng CSDP
3rd KMT Lee Teng-hui 85 Liu Sung-pan 54 Shih Ming-teh Shih Ming-teh (1995–1996)
Hsu Hsin-liang (1996–1998)
Lin Yi-hsiung (1998)
DPP 164
21 Chou Yang-shan Chen Kuei-miao NP
4th KMT Lee Teng-hui (1998–2000)
Lien Chan (2000–2001)
Hong Yuh-chin 123 Wang Jin-pyng 70 Shih Ming-teh Lin Yi-hsiung (1998–2000)
Frank Hsieh (2000–2001)
DPP 225
11 Hsieh Chi-ta (2001) Chou Yang-shan NP
4 DUT
3 Yeh Hsien-hsiu DNPA
1 NNA
1 TIP
5th DPP Frank Hsieh (2001–2002)
Chen Shui-bian (2002–2004)
Ker Chien-ming 87 Wang Jin-pyng 68 Hong Yuh-chin Lien Chan KMT 225
46 Chung Shao-ho James Soong PFP
13 Liao Pen-yen Huang Chu-wen TSU
1 Yok Mu-ming NP
6th DPP Su Tseng-chang (2005)
Yu Shyi-kun (2006–2007)
Chen Shui-bian (2007–2008)
Ker Chien-ming 89 Wang Jin-pyng 79 Tseng Yung-chuan Lien Chan (2004–2005)
Ma Ying-jeou (2005–2007)
Wu Po-hsiung (2007)
Chiang Pin-kung (2007)
Wu Po-hsiung (2007–2008)
KMT 225
34 Daniel Huang James Soong PFP
12 Huang Chu-wen (2004)
Shu Chin-chiang (2005–2006)
Huang Kun-huei (2007–2008)
TSU
6 Yen Ching-piao Chang Po-ya NPSU
1 Yok Mu-ming NP
7th KMT Wu Po-hsiung (2008–2009)
Ma Ying-jeou (2009–2012)
Tseng Yung-chuan (2008)
Lin Yi-shih (2008–2012)
81→74[c] Wang Jin-pyng 27→33[c] Ker Chien-ming Chen Shui-bian (2008)
Tsai Ing-wen (2008–2012)
DPP 113
3 Lin Pin-kuan NPSU
0→1[c] Indep.
1 James Soong PFP
8th KMT Ma Ying-jeou (2012–2014)
Wu Den-yih (2014–2015)
Eric Chu Li-luan (2015–2016)
Lin Hung-chih (2012–2014)
Alex Fai Hrong-tai (2014–2015)
Lai Shyh-bao (2015–2016)
64→66[c][d] Wang Jin-pyng 40 Ker Chien-ming Tsai Ing-wen (2012)
Su Tseng-chang (2012–2014)
Tsai Ing-wen (2014–2016)
DPP 113
3 Lisa Huang
Lai Chen-chang
Huang Kun-huei TSU
3→2[e] Thomas Lee James Soong PFP
Indep. 1→0[d] 2→1[c] Lin Pin-kuan NPSU
9th DPP Tsai Ing-wen (2016–2018)
Cho Jung-tai (2019–2020)
Ker Chien-ming 68 Su Jia-chyuan 35 Lai Shyh-bao (2016)
Liao Kuo-tung (2016–2017)
Lin Te-fu (2017–2018)
Johnny Chiang (2018–2019)
Tseng Ming-chung (2019–2020)
Huang Min-hui (2016)
Hung Hsiu-chu (2016–2017)
Wu Den-yih (2017–2020)
KMT 113
5→3[d] Hsu Yung-ming Huang Kuo-chang (2016–2019)
Chiu Hsien-chih (2019)
Hsu Yung-ming (2019–2020)
NPP
3 Lee Hung-chun James Soong PFP
Indep. 1 1 Lin Pin-kuan NPSU
10th DPP Cho Jung-tai (2020)
Tsai Ing-wen (2020–2022)
William Lai (2023–2024)
Ker Chien-ming 61→62[d] Yu Shyi-kun 38→37[d] Lin Wei-chou (2020–2021)
Alex Fai (2021–2022)
Tseng Ming-chung (2022–2024)
Lin Jung-te (2020)
Johnny Chiang (2020–2021)
Eric Chu (2021–2024)
KMT 113
2→1[d] Indep.
5 Lai Hsiang-lin Ko Wen-je TPP
3 Chiu Hsien-chih Hsu Yung-ming (2020)
Chiu Hsien-chih (2020)
Kao Yu-ting (2020)
Chen Jiau-hua (2020–2023)
Claire Wang (2023–2024)
NPP
1→0[f] Chen Yi-chi TSP
Indep. 2 1→2[d] Indep.
11th KMT Eric Chu Fu Kun-chi 52 Han Kuo-yu 51 Ker Chien-ming William Lai DPP 113
Indep. 2 8 Huang Kuo-chang Ko Wen-je TPP

Issues

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Protests and occupation

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On 18 March 2014, the Legislative Yuan was occupied by protesting students.[14]

Legislative violence

[edit]

Much of the work of the Legislative Yuan is done via legislative committees, and a common sight on Taiwanese television involves officials of the executive branch answering extremely hostile questions from opposition members in committees. In the 1990s, there were a number of cases of violence breaking out on the floor, usually triggered by some perceived unfair procedure ruling, but in recent years, these have become less common. There was a brawl involving 50 legislators in January 2007 and an incident involving 40 legislators on 8 May 2007 when a speaker attempted to speak about reconfiguring the Central Election Committee. It has been alleged that fights are staged and planned in advance.[15] These antics led the scientific humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research to award the Legislative Yuan its Ig Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 "for demonstrating that politicians gain more by punching, kicking and gouging each other than by waging war against other nations".[16] On 29 June 2020 more than 20 lawmakers affiliated with the Kuomintang took over the legislature over night, blocking entry to the main chamber with chains and chairs, saying the government was trying to force through legislation and demanding the president withdraw the nomination of a close aide to a high-level watchdog. Democratic Progressive Party lawmakers forced themselves in while there were scuffles and shouting with Kuomintang lawmakers. On 18 May 2024, a lawmaker attempted to steal a bill in an attempt to prevent it from being passed. This resulted in a brawl on the chamber floor due to the chaos.[17]

Building

[edit]

The current Legislative Yuan building in Taipei, was formerly the Taihoku Prefectural Taihoku Second Girls' High School (台北州立台北第二高等女學校) constructed during the Japanese colonial rule since 1960 with the administrative offices previously a dormitory. Over the years, there were several proposals to relocate the Legislative Yuan. The 1990 proposal to move the legislature to the location of the defunct Huashan station, was passed in 1992, then abandoned after the budget was cut. A second proposal in 1999 suggested that the legislature move to what had previously served as Air Force Command Headquarters. This proposition was opposed by the Taipei City Council and funds for disaster relief became a priority after the Jiji earthquake.[18] Other relocation proposals include moving the parliament to Taichung,[19][20] New Taipei, Changhua County, or Yilan County.[18] In 2022, graduate students from several Taiwanese universities were invited to submit designs for a new building.[21]

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Number of seats in the amended constitution. The number of seats in the original constitution was 759.
  2. ^ a b Beginning of term
  3. ^ a b c d e Due to by-elections
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Due to changes in member affiliation
  5. ^ One member lost due to criminal charge
  6. ^ Recalled

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Concise History". Legislative Yuan. 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  2. ^ 立法院全球資訊網-認識立法院-簡史. www.ly.gov.tw (in Chinese). 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  3. ^ "立法院簡史". Legislative Yuan (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 23 July 2013. Retrieved 2022-02-02. 民國37年選出行憲第1屆立法委員760人
  4. ^ Daniel Southerl (1987-07-25). "TAIWAN'S SLOW BOAT TO DEMOCRATIC CHANGE". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.
  5. ^ Legislative Yuan Organization Act (33) (in Traditional Chinese). 14 November 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2015. Archived 27 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "DPP's Yu Shyi-kun elected legislative speaker". February 2, 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
  7. ^ "About Legislative Yuan: Functions & Powers". 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  8. ^ 司法院釋字第76號解釋, "Judicial Yuan interpretation number 76". Judicial Yuan. 3 May 1957. Archived from the original on 17 December 2004. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  9. ^ a b Joel S. Fetzer, J Christopher Soper, Confucianism, Democratization, and Human Rights in Taiwan, p 58, Lexington Books, 15 October 2012.
  10. ^ Carr, Adam (2001). "Taiwan". Archived from the original on October 12, 2004.
  11. ^ Shih Hsiu-chuan "Taiwan becomes third country to pass Lobbying Act" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Times, 7/21/2007
  12. ^ "中央選舉委員會歷次選舉摘要-立法委員選舉". Archived from the original on 2020-09-10. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  13. ^ 公職人員選舉罷免法-全國法規資料庫入口網站. law.moj.gov.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  14. ^ "TRADE PACT SIEGE: Legislative Yuan occupation timeline". Taipei Times. 11 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  15. ^ "Parliamentary antics said to be staged", Taiwan News (newspaper), Vol. 58, No. 322, 18 May 2007, p. 2
  16. ^ "The 1995 Ig Nobel Prize Winners". Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize. Annals of Improbable Research. Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
  17. ^ Irwin, Lauren (2024-05-18). "Member of Taiwan's parliament steals bill to prevent its passage". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-08-27.
  18. ^ a b Liu, Tzu-hsuan (19 April 2022). "Speaker to visit 19 proposed legislature sites". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  19. ^ "Plans to move legislature to be presented next year - Taipei Times". 2 January 2022. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  20. ^ "FEATURE: Taichung still popular pick for LY relocation - Taipei Times". 4 January 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  21. ^ Chung, Jake (10 July 2022). "Speaker attends design exhibit for new legislature". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
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25°02′38″N 121°31′10″E / 25.0439°N 121.5195°E / 25.0439; 121.5195